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CAD and graphics
applications are characterized by loading large files. In this case the access
time of the drive isn’t as critical as the transfer rate. A 40ms or 28ms drive
would certainly be adequate, but the drive should be an ESDI drive and if possible
should be used with a caching disk controller. A disk cache, software or
hardware based, will usually speed up disk operations in a CAD/graphics system
more than the same amount spent on a better quality disk drive. In a budget
system an ST-506 controller could be used successfully but a 1:1 interleave is
desirable.
The final
element is of course the graphics adapter. The type of graphics adapter needed
depends on the nature of your application. If you can avoid using colour then
the speed of any graphics operating will be much higher. Indeed there is an
argument for using monochrome for any stage in the application for which colour
isn’t essential and then switching to colour for finishing. The minimum
graphics standard needed for CAD/graphics is VGA or Super VGA. The main problem
here is in getting the speed needed to redraw the screen in a time that makes
interactive graphics interactive. A better solution is to use an intelligent
graphics adapter either based on TIGA or 851/A and even here an MCA or EISA bus
would still be an advantage.
Intel have
introduced a special version of the 386 and 387 co-processor-the Rapid CAD chip
set-optimised for graphics. Benchmarks show that replacing a 386/387 pair by
Rapid CAD chips halves the time it takes to render a complex image. For simple
images the speed gain is much less. Another way to look at this is that
RapidCAD converts a 25MHz 386 into the equivalent of a 33MHz machine and 33MHz
into a 25MHz 486. Rapid CAD can be fitted without any modifications to the
machine.
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The detailed
specification of a CAD/graphics machine depends very much on the exact software
that you are using, but the general nature of the machine is very clear. The
high use of the CPU and co-processor (as long as the software supports it)
suggests that a 486 is the best choice. Memory requirements suggest that 4
MBytes of extended memory is a reasonable allocation, although programs such as
AutoCAD can put up to 16 MBytes of extended memory to good use. The motto seems
to be the more the better apd so for a CAD/graphics machine it is important to
check the maximum amount of memory that can be installed on the mainboard or
using expansion cards without loss of speed.
Demand or type
|
|
CPU
|
high
|
BUS
|
depends
on graphics adapter
|
RAM
|
high
|
Expanded
|
none
or high
|
Disk
speed
|
medium
to high
|
Disk
cache
|
hardware
or software desirable
|
RAM
Drive
|
often
useful
|
Disk
capacity
|
medium
of high
|
Video
|
Supe
r VGA/TIGA/8514/A
|
Co-processor
|
yes
|
Mouse
|
yes
(or alternative-bitpad, trakball, lightpen)
|
Printer
|
Laser
printer or plotter
|
Operating
system
|
MS-DOS,
Windows 3 or OS/2
|
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displayed and then the second half frame is displayed shifted so that its lines fit between the lines of
the first frame. This is called
interlace and it succeeds in lowering
the frame rate without increasing the
flicker – it is used quit successfully,
for example in broadcast TV pictures.
Unfortunately, as far
as computer video goes its effects are very poor. Because of the way that
computer graphics often use alternate lines, or patterns of lines to make
intermediate shades or colourss,
this use of interlace often produces a strong and very noticeable flashing. It is possible to arrange a demonstration of interlaced video
so that it looks acceptable by avoiding tones or colourss that use regular odd/even line patterns.
Equally, it is possible to find displays that
make and interlaced Super VGA is
tolerable as long as you avoid
even grey tones. Some applications
packages are even altering there colours scheme to avoid flicker on interlaced systems – Ventura 4 for
instance gives the user the option of
changing the grey surround
to an even colours to reduce
flicker.
Some Super VGA boards support non-interlaced monitors and
even increased vertical scan rates
up to 70Hz. Changing to a non-interlaced monitor makes the biggest
difference but a scan rate of 70Hz is
also worthwhile. Notice that to make use of non-interlaced high scan rate modes you need a video card and monitor that
supports them.
Beyond VGA – Super VGA
As VGA became the
accepted new standard, boards manufacturers first concentrated on building compatible
boards, then they turned their attention to expanding
on the capabilities of basic VGA.
The highest resolution supported by a VGA board is 640x480 in 16 colourss from a palette of
256. This is adequate for general work but
still higher resolution is
required for applications such
us DTP,
CAD and illustration. Even general applications working under Windows or OS/2 benefit from
resolutions above 640x480.
The need for these higher resolutions has resulted in the adoption of three additional standard
modes.
Ø 800
x 600 in 16 or 256 colourss
Ø 640
x 480 in 256 colourss
Ø 1024
x 768 in 16 or 256 colourss
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In additional to being able to
display 256 colourss these can be selected form a palette of over 250,000 colourss. Compared to the prattle of 16 colourss made available by other adapters this is an incredible number and it makes it
possible to produce very subtle colours changes.
If you find this discussion of video standard confusing
then the following table provides a summary. That is important however is
that VGA provides a standard that is
backward compatible with all of
the other video modes.
Resolution
|
Colourss
|
Palette
|
Adapter
|
320
x 200
|
2
|
16
|
CGA-EGA-VGA
|
320
x 200
|
16
|
16
|
EGA-VGA
|
320
x 200
|
256
|
256K
|
VGA
|
640
x 200
|
2
|
16
|
CGA-EGA-VGA
|
640
x 200
|
16
|
16/256K
|
EGA-VGA
|
640
x 200
|
4
|
64/256K
|
EGA-VGA
|
640
x 200
|
16
|
64/256K
|
EGA-VGA
|
640
x 200
|
2
|
256
|
VGA
|
640
x 200
|
16
|
256
|
VGA
|
720
x 348
|
2
|
2
|
HGA-EGA-VGA
|
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